The History of Multicultural Education Essay - 863 Words

Summary Multicultural Education in the United States made its debut beginning with the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s. Its intent was to become part of the cultural mainstream. The Civil Rights Movement brought to light the apparent concerns of discrimination, intimidation and inequality. During this period, pressure was placed on the Federal Government to examine their roles in the perseverance of inequalities when it came to Multicultural Education (Russell, Robert, The History of Multicultural Education, 2011). It can be compared to â€Å"Affirmative Action† where whites were asked to leave behind their own point of view and gain knowledge of the traditions of Multicultural groups (Taylor, Samuel. The Challenge of Multiculturalism†¦show more content†¦In the late 1960s and 1970s, the women’s rights movement including the National Organization for Women, founded in 1966, focused on institutional chauvinism and oppression of women (Information about NOW, 2011). Education was the major reason in achieving an organized agreement that would allow women equal access and opportunity. At this time, emphasis was made for a more comprehensive curriculum, which represented women’s history and awareness. Gays, lesbians and the elderly also witnessed what was happening and began to make similar demands of their own. During the 1980s, multiculturalism developed into a leading topic in the academic and intellectual sector where major changes were noticed at the conventional level of educational institutions. Critiques of Western Euro-centric culture were presented by theorists and revealed a modern-day perception of culture privileged Western European society and white male-dominated power structures (Russell, Robert, The History of Multicultural Education, 2011). The many distinctive theories of multiculturalism encouraged educational activists to seek important transformations in educational institutions from kindergarten through grade 12 to colleges and universities. The knowledge I have gained from my experience in learning about the history of multicultural education has given me an insight to many different cultures. InShow MoreRelatedThe History of Multicultural Education Essay1333 Words   |  6 Pagesespecially with the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement. Although the term â€Å"multicultural education† had not come into play yet, the idea that the U.S needed to reexamine their efforts of educating diverse groups was emerging. During this time inequality especially among minority groups in comparison to the white dominant culture became a social issue (Banks 1999). Before the arrival of this reform multicultural education was displayed in the classroom as having minorities adapt to the predominantRead MoreA Brief History Of Multicultural Education2246 Words   |  9 PagesA Brief History of Multicultural Education from 1960 to Present The United States (US) is considered a relatively â€Å"new† country when considering it in the historical context of the history of nation states. However, the idea of multicultural education (MCE) is certainly not new. Payne and Welsh (2008) posit that MCE originates from the results of struggles of humans throughout history, â€Å"from [the] Hammurabi Code to the Magna Carta, the British Bill of Rights, philosophers such as Locke and MontesquieuRead MoreMulticultural Literacy And Bullying Is Through Education849 Words   |  4 Pagesmulticulturalism to fight discrimination and bullying is through education. Through classroom libraries, teachers can provide a wide variety of multicultural books. Elementary classroom libraries are an essential tool to assist in building cultural awareness and acceptance of diverse family units, races, creeds, learning abilities; therefore bullying will decrease and greater understanding among students will develop. Multicultural classroom libraries will build understanding and empathy and createRead MoreAfrican American History And Education Of All Perspectives Essay1522 Words   |  7 Pagesfacts through various perspectives. When teaching American History, the teacher would be able to include African American History, Women s History, Asian American History, Latino American History, etc. As a result, students are getting the multicultural education they disserve through education of all perspectives. One can only hope all schools reach beyond stage 3 and have the privilege to be in Stage 5. Gorki’s Stage 5: â€Å"Multicultural, Social Action, and Awareness† is, in a sense, Stage 4 butRead MoreEducating Through A Multicultural Perspective Essay1644 Words   |  7 PagesEducating Through a Multicultural Perspective What the Research Says? Defining Multicultural Education The United States serves as a culturally rich country who opens its arms to individuals from many different ethnicities, backgrounds, and life experiences. It seeks to be the melting pot of a blended group of people, providing opportunity and equity for all. Consequently, our educational system is the cornerstone for providing equal opportunity for all persons. Therefore, as the United States continuesRead MoreRequirements Needed to Create a Multicultural Classroom1207 Words   |  5 Pages For a multicultural classroom to exist, it must flourish upon students’ cultural differences and use them as a foundation for development. However, modern day public schools are rarely welcoming of cultural differences and tend to educate students as if they are all programmed one specific way. Teachers should be determined to address diversity and implement it into the curriculum which will create a multicultural classroom and advance the education of all students. In this essay I will be exploringRead MoreMulticultural Education, Its Purpose, Goals, And Challenges Inclusive824 Words   |  4 Pagesthe history behind multicultural education, its purpose, goals, and challenges inclusive to multiculturalism. One of the challenges’ that Banks noted was the problem was with â€Å"Ideological resistance by assimilationist is a major factor that has slowed and is still slowing the development of a multicultural curriculum† (p. 244). Bank’s literature contributed to the knowledge of historical patterns associated with multicultural education and the need for more multicultural programs in education. JiaRead MoreMulticultural Education : A High Level Of Learning976 Words   |  4 PagesThrough multicultural education we are awarded with a unique opportunity to effectively alter the opinions of individuals. The effects of these courses have been demonstrated in multiple studies and while the subjects of this research is often college students, these effects are easily generalizable to the rest of the population. Although this generalizability is there, it can be understood why it be the most effective to begin with college age students. This is often lauded as a critical point inRead MoreRejecting the Myth of Colorblindness in Education1632 Words   |  7 Pages As if this philosophy will enable us to bridge any gaps between races, this thought attempts to focus on how we are all the same, rather than how we differ. Teachers and administrators are required to complete coursework pertaining to multicultural education with the purpose of enabling them to better understand the st udents whom they teach. It is believed that when one understands the culture from which a student belongs, the teacher will be able to reach that student in a more effective mannerRead MoreMulticultural Education We Receive A Reward956 Words   |  4 PagesThrough multicultural education we receive a reward, a unique opportunity to effectively alter the opinions of individuals. Studies demonstrate the effects of these courses and while the subjects of this research are often college students, these effects are easily generalizable to the rest of the population. Although this generalizability is there, one can understand why it is the most effective to begin with college age students. Many laud this as a critical point in development for most young

Effects Of Maltreatment On Childhood Brain Development

Effects Of Maltreatment On Childhood Brain Development Alysa Treat T00587098 November 8th, 2016 Neurobiology Dr. Sayyed Abstract Childhood maltreatment is a prevalent problem through out the world. As a child grows and matures the brain continues to develop according its experiences. During this time sensitive periods of development for different areas of the brain. A few areas that are of interest are the stress-influenced areas, which are at an increased risk for developmental problems when exposed to maltreatment. The extra stress from such exposures can influence abnormalities throughout the brain, which have been linked to structure changes with in the corpus callosum, anterior cingulate, dorsolateral prefrontal, orbitofrontal cortex, and hippocampus, amygdala, and cerebellum, as well as changes to stress related hormone systems. These structural changes are associated with an increased risk of psychopathology and other life long educational and physiological risk. In 2013 an estimated 679,000 children were victims of maltreatment and approximately 3.1 million children received help from Childhood Protective Services in the United States alone. Abuse or neglect can be categorized as maltreatment, which takes many different forms from physical, sexual, or emotional abuse, and parental neglect. It is accepted that childhood maltreatment has lasting effects as the victims grow into adults. One example of these effects is behavioralShow MoreRelatedChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States is neglect. As of 2005, just as much victims were male as there were female. The development of the brain during infancy and childhood is critical because during this time period the brain is most adaptable and shapes according to experiences (Perry, 2009.). Essentially, this means the brain modifies itself in respo nse to experiences. Positive experiences causes the brain to developRead MoreEffects Of Childhood Maltreatment On Children s Development1243 Words   |  5 Pages Consequences of Childhood Maltreatment on Children’s Development Lea A. Dixon American Public University Consequences of Maltreatment on Children’s Development â€Å"27% percent, of the 702,000 victims of Childhood Maltreatment, are under the age of Three.† (Child Maltreatment, 2014) The World Health Organization defines child maltreatment as â€Å"abuse and neglect that occurs to children under 18 years of age.† (Child Maltreatment, 2016) -Examples ofRead MoreChild Maltreatment And Its Effects On Children1373 Words   |  6 Pagesof an individual’s development and growth. Repeated experiences of things taken granted – such as learning to walk and learning to speak and write to express oneself – become encoded to ensure a smooth flow of information that help us adapt to the environment. However, children’s exposure to environmental stressors, depending on the exposure frequency and intensity, may impair the normal development of memory in children. This paper will evaluate the role of child maltreatment (physical, emotionalRead MoreThe Correlation between Child Maltreatment and the Development of Antisocial Personality Disorder1557 Words   |  7 Pageshuman behavior, environmental actions may actually trigger the genetic predispositions toward antisocial behavior. Of these environmental triggers, childhood abuse may be the most important of situational factors. Understanding antisocial pe rsonalities in individuals with biological susceptibility to antisocial behaviors and those who experienced maltreatment in a hostile environment would be at a high risk for developing antisocial personality disorder. Although the diagnosis is limited to those personsRead MoreLong Term Effects Of Childhood Maltreatment1885 Words   |  8 PagesLong Term Effects of Childhood Maltreatment It has been known, for many years, that childhood maltreatment, including physical abuse, emotional abuse, neglect, interparental violence, and sexual abuse, has an adverse effect on a developing child. These effects have been thought to be linked to adults later having cognitive deficits and mental disorders when compared to adults with no history of childhood maltreatment (Tomoda, Polcari, Anderson, Teicher, 2012). It has also been shown that adultsRead MoreEffects Of Maltreatment On Brain Development And Its Consequences1150 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Maltreatment on Brain Development and its Consequences Abuse and neglect is , unfortunately, not an unusual occurrence in the lives of young children. The maltreatment that they experience often have harmful long-term effects that depend on many factors. These factors are dependent on the age of the infant/child at the time of the occurrence, the question of whether the abuse was a single event or a ritual norm, and the relationship with and the identity of the abuser, as well as whetherRead MoreChild Maltreatment Has A Serious Public Health Problem Essay1518 Words   |  7 PagesChild maltreatment has been a serious public health problem not just in the United States but globally. Maltreatment is defined as neglect which means failure to provide for a child’s basic physical, educational, or psychological needs. Physical abuse such as causing physical harm, sexual abuse, abuse that includes fondling a child’s genitals or breasts, and psychological abuse, such as verbal put-downs and other behavior that terrorizes, threate ns, rejects or isolates the child. â€Å"According to theRead MoreThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse731 Words   |  3 PagesThe Psychological Effects of Child Abuse A recent study has found that five children die daily, due to abuse and neglect. According to the World Health Organization, â€Å"Studies show that psychiatric disorders and suicidal behavior are side effects of violence towards infants and younger children. Some of damaging behavior caused by abuse includes the following: Depression, alcohol and drug abuse, smoking, anxiety disorders, aggression and violence towards others, risky sexual behaviors and post-traumaticRead MoreThe Effects Of A Family System During Development945 Words   |  4 PagesThe positive effects of a family system during development versus the adverse effects of not having a family system during development. Mary Bowen developed the Family Systems Theory, which is based on the premise that inter-and intra-relational patterns are transmitted from one generation to the next (Martin, 2014). Bowen believes that the goal of achieving positive well-being is to find the balance between achieving personal autonomy and individuation while maintaining appropriate closeness withRead MoreEarly Childhood Abuse and the Effects on Emotional Development1352 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Early childhood abuse and the effects on emotional development Abstract The present research is aimed at providing an account of early childhood abuse and its effects on further emotional development. A first focus falls on outlining the psychological stages of emotional development and the notion of emotional response, followed by a thorough analysis of the child abuse spectrum together with effects, both early and belated, of general and most notably socio-emotional nature. Firstly, the meaning

The Veldt Free Essays

Paragraph- â€Å"The Veldt† Theme In the short story, â€Å"The Veldt†, written by Ray Bradbury reveals the odds by creating a machine that only allows children to detach emotionally from their parents and their loss of innocence. Lydia and George Hedley live in a Happy life home a technological marvel that automatically tends to their every need which dresses them, cooks the food, brushes their teeth, and even rocks them to sleep. The house also contains a high-tech nursery. We will write a custom essay sample on The Veldt or any similar topic only for you Order Now The nursery turns into any scenery the children imagine about in that room. Children are usually naive and silly. But in this story children lose their innocence gradually because they feel abandoned and alienation. The children feel abandoned by their parents when they were left in the care of a technological baby sitter which led them to lose their innocence. When  George and Lydia realized that there is something wrong with their way of life. George and Lydia are also perplexed that the nursery is stuck on an African setting, with lions in the distance, eating the dead carcass of what they assume to be an animal. There they also find recreations of their personal belongings, wondering why their children are so concerned with this scene of death. Therefore, they decide to call a psychologist. The psychiatrist evaluated that the children and he said to the parents that the children need treatment. Both of the children feel abandoned by their parents so they activated the room into a veldt where they imagine that they are looking for their missing parents because of the insufficient time their parents give them. In one point the psychiatrist says: â€Å"You’ve let this room and this house replaces you and your wife in your children’s affections. This room is their mother and father, far more important in their lives than their real parents. † In this story man is destroyed by their machines in two ways: not only are George and Lydia were murdered by the nursery’s technology, but the children’s humanity is also destroyed. By identifying so closely with the nursery, the children have become less than human. They feel no guilt, remorse or regret when their parents died, and it was clear that they have become as cold and emotionless as the machinery that controls the nursery. Children often feel powerless against adults and create elaborate sceneries in their heads in which they have the power to conquer any adult who refuses to give them what they want. George triggers these fantasies in Peter and Wendy when he threatens them to turn off the nursery. The children are used to getting their own way, and they become very angry when they cannot have what they want and the cycle of revenge starts in which they end up murdering their own parents. When David McClean the psychiatrist asked the children where their parents are when they were on their way to New York it says in the story â€Å"The children looked up and smiled. ‘Oh, they’ll be here directly. ’† Even though they were the ones who killed their parents, they feel no emotions at all. In conclusion people would say that children are usually harmless and full of life but in the story â€Å"The veldt† because they felt abandoned by their parents and because of alienation Peter and Wendy gradually lost their innocence. How to cite The Veldt, Papers

Economics and Quantitative Analysis Business Models

Question: Describe about the Economics and Quantitative Analysis for Business Models. Answer: 1. What is the midpoint method for calculating price elasticity of demand? Midpoint strategy refers to a model which is used to calculate the price elasticity of demand for various types of goods and services through estimation of the mean elasticity for specific changes in two components. Therefore, this means that for the model or the method to be applicable, we must have two known points on a particular demand curve. To determine the price elasticity of demand (PED) using the midpoint technique, we have to divide the change in the price of the product with the average price. (Gans, Stonecash, Robin, 2014, p. 99). The resultant figure from the computation is then multiplied by 100%. How else can price elasticity of demand be calculated? The price elasticity of demand (PED) of a product can also be calculated using either the initial or final values of quantity (X and Y) and price. Additionally, the price elasticity of demand can also be calculated using other techniques, for example, total expenditure technique and percentage method. Under total expenditure method, PED is determined based on the total amount spent by customers on a particular commodity. Total expenditure before the price is compared to overall expenditure after price change to ascertain whether there's an increase or decrease. Under percentage method, PED is determined by comparing proportionate or percentage change in product demand with the proportionate change in the product's price. (Agarwal, 2016, par 1-9). What is the advantage of the midpoint formula? One of the main advantages of this technique is that it always provide the same result regardless of the position which one is taking i.e. either from lower to the high place or vice versa. 2. What are the key determinants of the price elasticity of demand for a product? What determinant is the most important? Presence of Substitutes If a product has a variety of close substitutes, for instance, fast foods, then individuals have a tendency to respond unequivocally to a price increment of one company's fast food. Along these lines, the PED of this company's commodity is high. Proportion which the Product Occupies in the Consumer's Budget Commodities which occupy a huge segment of the buyer's financial plan have a tendency to have more prominent elasticity. The increase in price of such goods will make customers focus on substitutes. Conversely, consumer demand is likely to be inelastic when a product occupies just insignificant portion of the buyer's budget. The Degree or Intensity of the Necessity The more the necessity for a commodity, the lower the product's elasticity. Customers tend to purchase key items (for example basic prescriptions like insulin) paying little attention to the price. Luxurious items, then again, have a tendency to have more elasticity. The Cost of Production When the price of product increases, suppliers tend to increase their supply to counter the excess demand. Increasing the supply quantity will depend on various factors such the level at which the organization is currently operating. In case the business is currently under full capacity, then the management will have to source for extra machines and labor. This expense may prevent the company from increasing the supply. What determinant is the most important? The most crucial determinant is the availability of substitutes. Clients are likely to move from one item to another even with the smallest increase in the price of a particular product due to the availability of alternative item which can serve the same purpose. (Mankiw, 2016, p. 96). If there are no substitutes, the demand for a particular item will consequently be inelastic implying that any increase in its price leads to no impact on its demand. References Agarwal K. 2016. Measuring Price Elasticity of Demand (4 Methods). [Online]. Available at: https://www.yourarticlelibrary.com/economics/elasticity-as-demand/measuring-price-elasticity-of-demand-4-methods/46804/. [Accessed 1 December 2016]. Gans, J. K., Stonecash S., Robin; B. Y. F. 2014.Principles of economics with student resource access 12 months. New York, Cengage Learning. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=2164808. Mankiw, N. G. (2016).Business Economics. Cengage Learning. https://www.myilibrary.com?id=911616

Compare and contrast act 2 scene 2 and act 5 scene 3 of the play with Luhrmanns treatment of these scenes in the film Romeo and Juliet Essay Example

Compare and contrast act 2 scene 2 and act 5 scene 3 of the play with Luhrmanns treatment of these scenes in the film Romeo and Juliet Essay Romeo and Juliet is both a film about love and tragedy, and the war and peace between the two rival families, the Montagues and the Capulets. All of this love, tension and emotion are shown through Shakespeares play with words and emotive language to truly bring their feelings alive. From his extended metaphors of water, light, religion and heaven, Shakespeare really shows their passion and devotion for each other; this is what Luhrmann really picks up on and utilises as his inspiration for his film version of this well known play and is why Shakespeares language is so important to the overall feel, character and artistic visual of the film; from the symbols to the seemingly unplanned movement of characters in a scene. In Act 2 Scene 2 of the play Shakespeare used the theme of light to show the bright and fiery love Romeo sees in her. Oh speak again Bright Angel, Romeo describes Juliet as he talks to her in the light through yonder window breaks? Throughout this scene Shakespeare uses many metaphors to show this brightness and love Romeo sees in Juliet; Juliet is the sun, Arise fair sun and kill the envious moon; both quotes show the love Romeo sees in her, but talking about her as so bright, and such a marvelous and great thing as the sun. I also think this metaphor tells us something about Romeos character; the sun is what gives life to almost all living things, and in this case, it is Juliet that brings Romeo to life; after all goes from being miserable, moaning about his unrequited love for Rosaline, of when he jests at scars that never felt a wound, but when he sees and meets Juliet, his whole attitude towards love, and what love is changes. It is as though someone had the turned the light on for him or switched true love on. This sudden change in Romeo is like a new life for him, as though Juliet, the sun, gave him it. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast act 2 scene 2 and act 5 scene 3 of the play with Luhrmanns treatment of these scenes in the film Romeo and Juliet specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast act 2 scene 2 and act 5 scene 3 of the play with Luhrmanns treatment of these scenes in the film Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast act 2 scene 2 and act 5 scene 3 of the play with Luhrmanns treatment of these scenes in the film Romeo and Juliet specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In the film Romeo + Juliet, Luhrmann interprets this in many different ways. When we first see Juliet in the Capulet mansions garden, Juliet appears first from the bright light of her bedroom window; a quite literal interpretation of What light through yonder window breaks? But the metaphor of Juliet as the sun is carried throughout the scene. At all times in this scene, Juliets face is lit up fair even when talking to Romeo at eye level; from the bright lights beneath the pool and the glimmering moonlight bouncing off the reflective water. I feel the brightness upon her face really shows how Luhrmann interpreted Shakespeares words. Furthermore, like the sun which sets and rises, Juliet also does the same at the start and the end of the play. In the night, when the sun has set, Juliet comes down from her bedroom window via the brightly lit elevator. This shows that Juliet, the sun, has set; and this is emphasised by the strong light from within. The sun has set. In contrast, to the end of the play, when tis almost morning, Juliet immediately rises back up the long stair case, like the sun rising for the new day. Also, this idea of the sun setting and rising could be, in my opinion, an enemy to their love. Romeo and Juliets relationship can not be found out, because of the hazardous consequences of the rival families. On the other hand the sun is like the light which could find them out, the reason they must meet in the dark; Juliets position in the Capulet household, one of importance, means if Romeo is seen, he is a dead man for sure. Shakespeares language mentions a lot about water; of Romeos willingness to sail the greatest seas to find her I am no pilot, yet were thou as far as that vast shore washed with the farthest sea, I should adventure. Juliet responds to this by describing her love as boundless and deep as the sea. These references to water in the play are all metaphors; they describe their love, and what they will do for their love, but Luhrmann interprets this use of water in a different more creative and interesting route, turning into a different metaphor, for purity and purification. Romeo and Juliets love, unlike Romeos love for Rosaline, is pure. They love each other, and their love is very true. This is shown in the film in two stages from when they first meet. Romeo dunks his head in water to symbolise the purification of the drugs within him; before he is all flustered and hallucinogenic, but after he is clean, pure and free thinking. Then later on, this purity is intensified and emphasised when they meet, looking into each others eyes through a tank of water. This initial establishment of water being for purification, combined with them first meeting through a barrier of water, I feel, shows how Luhrmann uses water. The soul purpose of the water is to show that Romeo and Juliets love is pure, simple, and most importantly, clear. This idea of water is used in Luhrmanns version of Act 2ii also. In the middle of Luhrmanns version of the Capulet orchard, their garden, there is a large swimming pool, radiating with light from within. This once again shows the purity of love they feel for each other. Later on in the scene, Romeo hides beneath the water, from being saved from the guards view. I feel this tells us Luhrmanns own personal view of love. I believe, with this action, he is telling us that if love is pure, nothing will get in the way, and the love will live on, protected and safe, as Romeo is hidden from his enemies with the water, symbolizing that the purity of their love, is a good thing, something to protect and keep them secure. The third, most prominent metaphor Luhrmann uses in his film is that of heaven, and Juliet being a part of heaven; her eyes in heaven. Romeo, often describes Juliet in terms of heaven in the play. He calls her bright angel, and also as a saint on several occasions. This shows Romeos love for Juliet once more, that she is so important to him, that she rivals religion, and heaven. Furthermore, with the ideas of heaven, we see one of the first inclusions of a metaphor that Juliet says. Romeo is Juliets God of Idolatry, she says, a shocking blasphemous statement for audience members of that time. This really shows how much she loves him; she idolizes and adores him, like a god! The use of heaven within the play is used many times by Luhrmann to signify many different things. In Act 2ii Juliet comes down from her brightly lit room to Romeo in an elevator, also heavily lit from within. This descent from high, in my opinion, greatly refers to the many references in the play to heaven, and with that, Juliet being a part of heaven. Furthermore, at the end of the scene Juliet goes back up to her bedroom via the long staircase, as though walking a staircase to heaven, a theme later revisited in the final death scene, 5iii, in the tomb or church of Verona. Furthermore, the actions of Juliet especially, were really meant to shock the Elizabethan audience. Her very forward actions, which really defy and out go the previously set, almost laws, and rules of Filial Obedience were really not the norm of that generation. Juliet was meant to do what her mother told her, but he love for Romeo was too much, and proposed the same day she met him. In Act 1 scene 3 Juliet says But no more deep will I endart mine eye Than your consent gives me strength to make it fly showing her complete submissiveness to her mother, as her daughter and that she will do whatever her mother whishes, especially when It comes to future members of the families and husbands. This is filial obedience, and was how unmarried children, more importantly females, were supposed to act at this time, and when Juliet goes against this, by wishing to marry Romeo without consulting her mother, the Elizabethan audience would have been very shocked that Juliet would have done such a d isrespectful action in this time and place. This complete disregard for her mothers thoughts on such an action, and the reversal of previous laws really shocked the audience, and says something very important about Shakespeare. His plays were shocking, and also, this lack of worry of how his plays may be accepted, to me, shows how true they are to him, and that the things he deals with in his plays are really close to his heart and it emphasizes these views. Furthermore, it further emphasizes the love between Romeo and Juliet. They are so engrossed and besotted with each other that one their second meeting, and well, chat, they agree to get married at the soonest possible time and place. This really shows there immediate love, or, maybe its just infatuation, but whatever it is it brings together the two rival houses; good comes from it in the end. In Act 5 scene 3, Shakespeare later explores this theme of light, and also dark; the light amongst the dark. Throughout Romeos speech, he talks about Juliet being the light amongst the dark of the tomb. Juliet lies within this palace of dim light, and before this, Romeo says Juliet, his love, his wife is a lightning. She is to him the light amongst the dark in this Tomb. Furthermore, after Juliets actual death, upon the pages entrance, the page says This is the place; where the torch doth burn, which again seems to talk about Juliet as being this burning light from within the tomb. This again links to the metaphor of Juliet being the light, the sun. Furthermore, this link to Juliet still being the light, I think, symbolizes the fact that she is not really dead. She has taken the potion, appearing she is dead, and Romeo actually thinks about this, when he talks the crimson in thy lips and in thy cheeks. Romeo then takes the poison, realizing he will be with her forever in heaven. Furthermore, this idea of death bringing life and love in the afterlife is repeated in Juliets death speech, when she says, make me die with a restorative. Juliet calls the poison, and the dagger that brings her death as a restorative. These oxymorons; Restorative poison, O happy dagger and friendly drop, shows this idea that death brings heaven, and I believe this is shown within Baz Luhrmanns interpretation of the play. In the film, once the couple has both committed suicide, the camera pans out and shows the long aisle, rising up from their resting place. I interpreted this, as an interpretation of this idea of heaven. The aisle is like a stairway to heaven, and Romeo and Juliet, are about to ascend to heaven. Luhrmann shows the metaphor of Juliet being the intense light from within the darkness of Romeos life by surrounding her deathbed by many, many candles of all shapes and sizes. Furthermore the light bright neon crosses down the aisle is also reference to this idea of Juliet being the light, as they seem to get brighter as and bigger the closer the get to Juliets bed. Furthermore, the candles in the movie seem to spell out the letters J C- Juliet Capulet, which also confirms the metaphor of Juliet being the light, especially as shes being spelt out by candles, a bright and also warm form of light. Later on in Romeos speech, he describes himself as being the sailor that is being steered onto the rocks to die. This is something he couldnt control; fate. Furthermore, the line, And shake the yoke of inauspicious stars, refers to Romeo trying to escape from his fate, however, he and Juliets fate is set on course, and nothing can stop it. Luhrmann uses this use of fate in the play in this scene in the film. The most noticeable reference to fate I saw was that Romeo places his gun upon a certain cushion in the church on Juliets bed, the cushion embroidered and signed with the initials, J C, Juliet Capulet. Then Juliet later goes on to shoot herself with this gun, and the fact that Luhrmann gets Romeo to place the gun on this specific cushion, I feel really shows the idea of fate and that it was meant to be; after all, the gun could have been put anywhere, but no, its placed on the cushion, Juliets cushion, a sign she was going to shoot herself. Also, in the film, the couples are surr ounded by crosses made out of neon lights and flowers. This reference to god and religion around them is a reference to something higher, something that cannot be controlled, and in turn, the fates themselves. Throughout Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeares language inspires Luhrmanns every second of film. This close reference to Shakespeares language really comes across in the thousands of symbols that go unnoticed at first, but which are then discovered the more times you watch the film. Shakespeares main purpose of Romeo and Juliet was to open up the boundaries of love set in those times. From the preposterous proposal of Juliet, to their untimely undoing, I believe Shakespeare tried to set new boundaries, boundaries that meant love could be found, rather then simply made; a love that didnt rely on wealth or status. Baz Luhrmann however, still manages to portray these boundaries, despite the story being set in modern times, with his use of the rival gangs, and business men. However, the modern audience wouldnt have been shocked to see two people fall in love without any ties or complications, and hence, makes for a compelling and tragic movie, as well as a skillful artistic interpretation of Shakespeares literature.

Social Policy Dissertation The WritePass Journal

Social Policy Dissertation Overview of Area Social Policy Dissertation Overview of Area Thesis to be Tested Potential ProblemsIndicative Bibliography (this is merely a starting point and will be added to considerably during the thesis itself)Related Overview of Area The New Deal for lone parents has focussed on the notion of making it easier for lone parents to return to work. The underlying aim of the policy has been stated to be making it easier for parents, particularly lone parents, back to work by making the issues relating to childcare easier to overcome. Despite this seemingly strong policy to improve the work prospects of parents, there are concerns that this agenda could have negative repercussions on other welfare areas such as the quality of childcare being provided to young children (DfEE, 1998). Lone parents in particular present a policy challenge as there is a need to ensure that whilst putting parents in a position that they are able to take up employment this should not be done in such a way that forces parents into work when they would be better employed providing childcare at home. Looking at the wider issues associated with the New Deal policy including the impact on childcare and child development enables a detailed policy analysis to be undertaken and recommendations for the future to be made(Zaslow, et al 2002). Thesis to be Tested The current New Deal agenda focuses too heavily on getting as many parents, particularly lone parents, into work. A failure to grasp the wider issues including the impact on the child of being in childcare from a young age and social factors such as the benefits of entering back into the workplace has resulted in the policy being less effective than the original aims would suggest it could be. Reform is needed to look at the wider issues and to ensure that the New Deal does not focus on short term gains with long term costs (Josh and Verropoulu, 2000). Potential Problems Issues relating to lone parents returning to work are often very individual with the policy being effective for one scenario but not for another. Gaining an overall perspective is therefore potentially difficult as one size does not fit all and several approaches may be necessary to answer the thesis question presented above. Indicative Bibliography (this is merely a starting point and will be added to considerably during the thesis itself) Department for Education and Employment (DfEE) (1998) The National Childcare Strategy. London: HMSO. dfee.gov.uk/childcare/content3.htm Dunifon, R., Kalil, A., and Bajracharya, A. (2005), ‘Maternal Working Conditions and Child Well-Being in Welfare-leaving Families’, Developmental Psychology, Vol 41(6), pp.851-59. DWP (2007), In work, better off: next steps to full employment, London: Department for Work and Pensions, The Stationery Office. Josh, H. and Verropoulu, G. (2000) Maternal Employment and Child Outcomes: Analysis of Two Birth Cohort Studies, London: The Smith Institute. Kaestner, R., Korenman, S. D., and O’Neill, J. (2003), ‘Has Welfare Reform Changed Teenage Behaviors?’, Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, vol. 22(2), pp.225-248. Millar, J. and Ridge, T. (2008), ‘Relationships of Care: Working Lone Mothers, their Children and Employment Sustainability’, Journal of Social Policy, vol. 33(1), pp.103-121. Zaslow, M., Moore K., Brooks J., Morris P., Tout K., Redd Z., and Emig C. (2002), ‘Experimental studies of welfare reform and children’, Children and Welfare Reform, vol. 12 (1), pp.79-98.

What challenges do the educational philosophies of Paulo Freire and Research Paper

What challenges do the educational philosophies of Paulo Freire and Waldorf schools pose - Research Paper Example What challenges do the educational philosophies of Paulo Freire and Waldorf schools pose? The Waldorf schools on the other hand rely on the educational philosophy which was developed by Steiner Rudolph. The educational philosophy of the Waldorf schools is mainly based on the belief that various developmental stages in children are the best when it comes to children learning different things. This is so because it is believed that children can only learn different things in life when their physical, spiritual and intellectual capabilities are in terms with the kind of information presented to them (Petrash, 2002). The essay below seeks to address the challenges posed by the educational philosophies of the Waldorf schools and Paulo Freire to the testing requirements of state and local school districts. The testing requirements in the state and local district schools have received challenges in various ways by the educational philosophy of Paulo Freire. Most of the state and local district schools have a tendency of not giving their students a voice of their own. Therefore i f, the Paulo philosophy is incorporated in the local and state district schools, then the students will tend to be more demanding. In such cases when students are more demanding, the relationship between the students and the teachers becomes mayhem (Freire, 2000). Once the teacher-student relationship becomes chaotic, then the testing requirements of the schools are negatively affected. The students may feel oppressed by the teachers when the teachers fail to meet their demands, and this makes them be violent. Another challenge posed by the educational philosophy by Paulo Freire to the testing requirements of the local and state district schools is when the students accuse teachers of being irresponsible and disobliging in the sense that they fail to listen to the opinions brought about by the students. Such situation demoralizes the students to the extent of them not performing well in their school work (Irwin, 2012). Since most of the local and state district schools have a tenden cy of allowing their teachers to provide students with knowledge, the educational philosophy by Paulo Freire may be a challenge to the testing requirements of the schools. The educational philosophy by Paulo Freire advocates that teachers and students should interact equally in the acquisition of knowledge so that students may learn to have a voice in the oppressive society. It becomes a challenge because once students are used to being fed with knowledge by their teachers, it is quite difficult for them to interact with the teachers and give out their opinion on what they are taught (Dewey, 2009). Students in most of the district schools do not know how to interpret the knowledge they learn in school in the real world. In most occasions, these students tend to memorize what their teachers feed them with and fail to know what the knowledge they have been fed with really means in the real world. This becomes a significant challenge to the testing requirements of the local and state d istrict schools. For this case, the students continue being the oppressed, and that they lack to obtain the powers of speaking for themselves (Freire, 2000). Another challenge that is posed by the educational philosophy of Paulo Freire to the testing requirements of the district schools is the fact that teachers in these schools tend to fear engaging with students in

Anti-aging food Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Anti-aging food - Research Paper Example They eat whatever comes their way and this is how a vicious cycle starts. Initially they spend money on fast food and as a result of which they start falling ill frequently and then they spend on medicines to get back their lost health and in this process they end up wasting a lot of money, in addition to this it also causes them a lot of trouble which can easily be avoided. Lifestyle is another factor which has serious ramifications on our health; the way one lives determines their life expectancy. People who eat healthy live a healthy life; people who do not do so are deprived of living a healthy life. Anti-aging food has been a revelation, by eating anti-aging food one can live longer and one can also live a very healthy life. People who have tried anti-aging food have been really happy with the results. â€Å"Antioxidant foods called super foods are what provides anti aging health benefits throughout the entire body. Total anti aging health provided by super foods may be the proverbial â€Å"Fountain of Youth†. Instead of 50 being middle age research is now showing that we can extend this middle age to 100 years and do it quite easily. I have been doing this kind of research for over 20 years now. It has become my passion.† (Antioxidant Foods) Not much is known about these foods but it is a well known fact that they are more than capable of curing life-threatening diseases. Diseases like cancer, diabetes and several heart diseases can be cured should one decide to feed on these anti-aging foods. â€Å"Aging is biological process which leads to progressive degenerative changes in all living creatures on earth. Aging is normal and inevitable. Throughout in the human history, people are interested in finding solutions for preventing this aging process. Anti-aging study  is certainly a wide and tough area of research for the scientists. Nowadays, the concept of

Case study Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Case study - Assignment Example e liable to pay capital gains tax on the sale value if the price at which he sells is higher than the market price of the shares on the date he inherited them. If the total gain is less than  £ 10,000, no tax is payable and of course, sale at a lower price also does not attract tax (HMRC, 2012). 3. Critical Illness Cover pays out a lump sum amount when a specified illness occurs, which for Kyle’s mother was a minor stroke. Once the claim amount is paid, the coverage ceases and she is not entitled to any other payments from the insurance company. A Permanent Health Insurance (PHI) policy would have paid her up to 65% of her pre-tax earnings until her normal date of retirement which is 65 years of age (Conner, 2013). When Kyle’s mother first considered insurance, the PHI policy would have been a better choice as it would have covered any medical condition that prevented her from working whereas the Critical Illness Policy would have covered only a specified list of ailments. Since a medical condition that prevents work could occur at any age, the PHI policy would have paid her money each year until her scheduled retirement age (Bevis, 2009). For Kyle’s mother, the question now is whether the  £ 68,000 lump sum she received from her Critical Illness policy at the age 59 is better than 65% of her earnings for 6 years that she would have received with the PHI policy. This question can be resolved by finding out the yearly payments a PHI policy would need to make for 6 years that would equal the present value of the lump sum she received. The interest rate is assumed as 5%. The calculation is made in the table below and shows that an annual payment of  £ 13,397.19 for 6 years from the PHI policy would have the present value that equals the lump sum of  £ 68,000. To get these annual payments, the mother’s annual salary when she had the stroke should have been  £ 20,611.06. 4. Kyle and Helen need to make a personal financial plan to meet both

History of International Human Resource Management

History of International Human Resource Management Up until the 1960s, even firms operating internationally maintained organizational structures with centralised technical and managerial resources, manufacturing ability, and the access to and control of the capital (Doz Prahalad 1981). As exports increased, it was seen as more attractive to establish sales subsidiaries in other countries, often staffing them with skilled personnel from the home country. These expatriates had the necessary product knowledge, and could even initiate local manufacture, but also had a perceived primary loyalty to the home company and country culture. Unfortunately, this was also an era of convergence thinking (usually towards the dominant U.S. culture), with sometimes lamentably littleattention being given to national sensitivities and cultural beliefs and behaviours With the developing internationalisation of many firms in the late 1960s and early 1970s, companies established overseas plants and entered joint ventures with foreign affiliates. Firms sought commercial success through moving closer to their customers by employing more host-country nationals. In some situations, they aimed at being perceived more as local rather than foreign, for various reasons. In the 1990s, not only has the practice of IHRM become more sophisticated, but research into its policy and practice has become established. It has a developing body of research and practice which is regularly considered at dedicated conferences, and published in general management as well as HRM journals. Increasingly, international HRM is being taught in university faculties of business management courses, and management MBA graduates, as well as graduates in HRM, are now more frequently aware of the issues involved, and the functions of HRM in an international context. International human resource management What an HR manager does in a multinational corporation varies from firm to firm. It also depends on whether the manager is located in a global corporations headquarters or onsite in a foreign subsidiary. What is IHRM? Actually, it is not easy to provide a precise definition of international human resource management (IHRM) because the mission of an HR manger in a multinational corporation (MNC) varies on a large scale. Generally speaking, IHRM is the effective utilization of human resources in a corporation in an international environment. The term IHRM in most studies has traditionally focused on the area of expatriation (Brewster and Harris, 1999) Broadly defined, international human resource management (IHRM) is the process of procuring, allocating, and effectively utilising human resources in a multinational corporation. If the MNC is simply exporting its products, with only a few small offices in foreign locations, then the task of the international HR manager is relatively simple. However, in global firms human resource managers must achieve two somewhat conflicting strategic objectives. First, they must integrate human resource policies and practices across a number of subsidiaries in different countries so that overall corporate objectives can be achieved. At the same time, the approach to HRM must be sufficiently flexible to allow for significant differences in the type of HR policies and practices that are most effective in different business and cultural settings. This problem of balancing integration (control and coordination from HQ) and differentiation (flexibility in policies and practices at the local subsidiary level) have long been acknowledged as common dilemmas facing HR and other functional managers in global corporations. Although some argue that IHRM is not unlike HRM in a domestic setting, others point out that there  are significant differences. Specifically compared with domestic HRM, IHRM (I) encompasses more functions, (2) has more heterogeneous functions, (3) involves constantly changing perspectives, (4) requires more involvement in employees personal lives, (5) is influenced by more external sources, and (6) involves a greater level of risk than typical domestic HRM. When compared with domestic human resource management, IHRM requires a much broader perspective on even the most common HR activities. This is particularly so for HR managers operating from a MNCs headquarters (HQ). The number and variety of IHRM activities are daunting. International HR managers must deal with issues as varied as international taxation; international relocation and orientation; various other administrative services for expatriates; selecting, training and appraising local and international employees; and managing relations with host governments in a number of countries around the world. Even when dealing with one particular HR function area such as compensation, the international HR manager is faced with a great variety of national and international pay issues. For example, while dealing with pay issues, the HQ-based HR manager must coordinate pay systems in different countries with different currencies that may change in relative value to one another over time. An American expatriate in Tokyo who receives a salary of $100,000 may suddenly find the buying power of that salary dramatically diminished if the Japanese yen strengthens in value relative to the US dollar. A US dollar purchased 248 yen in 1985, but less than 110 yen in 2000. In the case of fringe benefits provided to host company employees, some interesting complications might arise. For instance, it is common in the United States to provide health insurance benefits to employees and the employees family, which usually means spouse and children. In some countries however, the term family may include a more extended group of relatives-multiple spouses, aunts, uncles, grandparents, nephews, and nieces. How does the firms benefit plan deal with these different definitions of family? A final aspect of the broader scope of IHRM is that the HQ-based manager deals with employee groups that have different cultural backgrounds. The HQ manager must coordinate policies and procedures to manage expatriates from the firms home country (parent country nationals, PNCs), host-country nationals (HCNs), as well as third country nationals (TCNs, e.g. a French manager working for an American MNC in the firms Nigerian subsidiary) in subsidiaries around the world. Although such issues are important for the HQ-based manager, they are also relevant to the HR manager located in a subsidiary. This manager must develop HR systems that are not only acceptable to the host country but also compatible with company-wide systems being developed by his or her HQ-based counterpart. These policies and practices must effectively balance the needs and desires of local employees, PCNs and TCNs. It is at the subsidiary level that the increased involvement of IHRM in the personal lives of employees becomes particularly apparent. It is not unusual for subsidiary HR managers to be involved in arranging housing, healthcare, transportation, education, and recreation activities for expatriate and local staff. IHRM activities are also influenced by a greater number of external forces than are domestic HR activities. The HQ-based manager may have to set equal employment opportunity (EEO) policies that meet the legal requirements of both the home country and a number of host countries. Because of the visibility that foreign firms tend to have in host countries (especially in developing countries), subsidiary HR managers may have to deal with ministers, other political figures, and a great variety of social and economic interest groups than would normally be encountered in a purely domestic HRM. Excerpt from Human Resource Management by Cynthia D Fisher, Lyle F Schoenfeldt, James B Shaw. Published by Biztantra

U.K. Economy Essay -- Economics Fiscal Policy Essays

U.K. Economy The UK government currently has four main macroeconomic aims that it is pursuing. These aims are those of low unemployment, low inflation, and high and stable economic growth as well as a favourable balance of payments current account position. This essay will concentrate on the government’s success in the first three of its aims listed above and how these macroeconomic aims can or have been achieved using fiscal and monetary policy. Fiscal policy is used to affect aggregate demand by altering taxation and government spending; monetary policy also affects aggregate demand by the manipulation of interest rates and the supply of money. Economic growth is the prime measurement of a country’s economy as it reflects improvements in standards of living. It is defined as an increase in the productive potential of the economy and is usually measured in terms of rate of change of real gross domestic product (GDP), which is the value of output produced within an economy over 12 months. It must be remembered that for each year, the percentage change in GDP is shown therefore any positive figure will represent a growth in the annual GDP level. The swift growth the UK experienced from 1982 to 1988. This growth in GDP decreased from the 5.2% level experienced in 1988 to 2.2% in 1989 and fell to its lowest in 1991 at –1.4%. This is due to the recession that hit the UK during this period. After the negative year of growth in 1991, the UK economy began its recovery from the recession and consequently there was a healthy growth in GDP from 1992, which lasted up until 2001. In 2000 the GDP growth figure stood at 3%, this is mainly due to the increase in consumer spending and capital investment that occurred during this year. The most satisfying aspect of this economic growth is the fact that at the time it coincided with the achievement of the government’s second macroeconomic aim of low. Last year however the economy grew by just 1.7%, which is the lowest for a decade. This low rate of UK economic growth coincided with the position of the manufacturing sector, which in 2002 was in a deep recession and is to the manufacturing industry to call for a further interest rate cut, to help push the value of the pound down, so that UK manufacturing export demand can increase. Inflation is the general a... ...enting the economy from entering a recession. Nevertheless this is where we can see the difficulties in making these policies due to trade offs that occur, as a rate cut in theory should lead to the rate of inflation to rise even further however this is a risk worth taking to end the current manufacturing recession as well as strengthen consumption even further. Revising an expansionary fiscal policy (fall in taxation, increase in government spending) would also be advisable. This will further boost aggregate demand and as supply side economists may argue, shift aggregate supply to the right effecting growth (a rise) unemployment (a fall), inflation (a fall), thus these goals to be met. It must be remembered that both policies have time lags connected with them, in particular fiscal policy, for which they are greater. A decision to change an instrument must therefore be consistent, as it may not always have the desired effect instantly. Bibliography www.statistics.gov.uk www.bized.ac.uk/ www.hm-treasury.gov.uk http://www.tutor2u.net www.telegraph.co.uk/business http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/economy/default.stm Economics – Sloman.

Import & Export Financing

IMPORT FINANCING Background Like other developing countries, Pakistan’s import bill exceeds exports. Therefore, it faces scarcity of foreign exchange to meet its import requirements. According to daily â€Å"DAWN† dated 18th November 2012, Pakistan’s foreign exchange reserves were USD 13. 84 Billion at the week ended as on 9th November 2012. Gap between the import and export bills is partially covered by regulations, controls and measures exercised by State Bank of Pakistan and partially by the international credit, aid, loan agencies like International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Bank, Asian Development Bank (ADB).State Bank of Pakistan keeps control at a time, over this imbalance by imposing cash margin restrictions on import of general items from time to time. This is done in order to restrict imports and to allow import of only necessary items to fulfill genuine requirements and to discourage import of non-commercial and luxury items. CASE STUDY: On 1st Februa ry 2012, restriction on import of CNG cylinders and kits was imposed by Government of Pakistan in view of government policy to discourage use of CNG as a fuel due to its short supply and ever rising demand.No importer is allowed to import CNG cylinders & kits up till now which is being restricted by SBP & custom authority. Foreign trade involves many risks because of different locations /countries of importer and exporter. Both the parties are doing their businesses in different countries where different laws & regulations apply and it is difficult to settle any dispute regarding goods quality and payment settlement between importer and exporter. For safeguarding interest of both importer and exporter, banks involve in these transactions for smooth settlement between the parties. IMPORTERSAny body who imports the required goods into the country is called an importer. The importer has to pay the exporter for the value of goods in foreign exchange. Importers are classified into three categories: i) Commercial sector importer i-e. a firm, institution, organization, person or group of persons registered as an importer is called commercial importer. ii) Industrial sector importer i-e. any industrial unit which is registered as importer comes under this category. iii) Public sector importers i-e. the organizations owned by the government which import capital / consumer commodities as per their requirement.Usually, these organizations are not registered as regular importer and their requests for opening letter of credit is routed through SBP. Letter of Credit (L/C) Letter of Credit is a written undertaking by a bank given to the seller/exporter (beneficiary) at the request and instructions of the buyer/importer (applicant) to pay at sight or at a determinable future date a stated sum of money against the required documents. The documents include commercial invoice, certificate of origin, transport document relating to the mode of transport used (Airway Bill, Bill of Lading, Railway Receipt, Truck Receipt, etc. and other documents required as per terms of letter of credit. Parties to Letter of Credit In documentary credit operations, maximum number of parties involved are as under: i) Applicant (Opener of L/C): The applicant of a credit is an importer or buyer who requests his bank to issue documentary credit in favor of the seller /exporter. ii) Issuing Bank (Opening Bank): The issuing bank is also called importer’s bank. At the request of the applicant, this bank issues the credit in accordance with the instructions of the applicant in favor of the exporter. The letter of credit is sent to the bank in the exporter/seller’s country. ii) Advising Bank: Advising bank is also known as transmitting or correspondent bank in the seller’s country. Issuing bank forwards the advice of the credit by mail or by any means of tele-transmission (i-e. cable, telex, SWIFT, etc. ) to a correspondent bank where the beneficiary business exist s. Normally, all L/Cs are sent via SWIFT i-e. Society for Worldwide International Financial Transactions. iv) Beneficiary (Seller or Exporter): The person or body receiving the letter of credit from the importer and/or in whose favor letter of credit is issued is called beneficiary. v) Confirming Bank:Confirming bank is the bank which at the specific request of the issuing bank adds its confirmation to a letter of credit. Adding confirmation constitutes a definite undertaking of the confirming bank, in addition to that of the issuing bank. vi) Negotiating Bank: Negotiating Bank is the bank which receives the documents against letter of credit as authorized bank. This bank has to give value for drafts and/or documents under L/C conditions. Negotiating Bank may or may not be the Advising Bank. This bank examines the documents against L/C, and if found in order, negotiates the documents and makes payment to the seller.The negotiating bank dispatches the documents to the Issuing Bank cl aiming reimbursement from the bank as mentioned in the L/C and as agreed between the two banks. The Negotiating Bank should ensure before lodgment of reimbursement claim that all terms of letter of credit have been complied with. vii) Reimbursing Bank: Reimbursing bank is the bank which, on behalf of the opening bank, honors the reimbursement claim lodged by the Negotiating Bank. MODES OF PAYMENT OF L/Cs There are four modes of payments of letters of credit as detailed under: (i) L/C available by Negotiation:If L/C provides for negotiation to pay without recourse to drawers and/or bonafide holders in terms of credit. Negotiation means the payment of value for draft(s) and/or documents by the bank authorized to negotiate complying with the terms of L/C. (ii) L/C available by Acceptance: In case the credit calls for a usance draft and is available by acceptance on the issuing bank, and the seller submits all the documents including usance bill of exchange to a nominated or another ban k complying all the terms and conditions of the credit, the seller receives acceptance of the payment at maturity date.However, under a separate arrangement, he may get his usance draft discounted by the bank in order to meet his cash flow requirements. In such case, seller has to bear discount charges. (iii) L/C available by Sight Payment: If the beneficiary of letter of credit is to obtain payment immediately on presentation of stipulated documents, it is the sight letter of credit. In this case the exporter draws a sight or demand draft payable at the counters of the advising bank or the bank specified in the letter of credit.The draft is paid on presentation provided that all the other terms of L/C have been complied with. (iv) L/C available by Deferred Payment: In this case, L/C opening bank has to effect payment after a period specified in the L/C, calculated as to the number of days after the date of presentation of documents or after the date of shipment. Such L/C does not r equire drafts to be drawn or presented alongwith other documents. RETIREMENT OF DOCUMENTS When the documents are received from foreign bank, L/C opening bank affixes â€Å"Dak Received† stamp and enters the same in â€Å"Dak Received Register†.The duplicate set of documents, received by the bank, is kept with original set of documents and duplicate should be separate from the original. The bank verifies that all the documents are received as specified in the forwarding schedule of the negotiating/exporter’s bank. While scrutinizing the documents, it is also ensured that all the documents have been received as per terms of L/C. The retirement of documents can be made by the following means: †¢ Through debit to the customer’s account †¢ Through Trust Receipt Facility (FTR) offered by the bank. †¢ Through Finance against Imported Merchandise (FIM)THROUGH DEBIT TO CUSTOMER’S ACCOUNT In case customer/importer has sufficient funds to settl e the bill, Cost Memo is prepared and amount in foreign currency is converted into Pak Rupees at Selling TT & OD rate of exchange. Any foreign correspondent charges and service charges are added to it. Customer issues cheque / authority letter to debit his account for bill amount plus mark-up and other charges. After receiving the amount, title documents are endorsed by two authorized signatories and the same are delivered to customer against proper acknowledgement.In case, importer has not sufficient funds to settle the bill, he can avail finance from bank to settle the claim. Credit facilities available to the importer are explained hereunder: A. FUND BASED FACILITIES 1. FINANCE AGAINST TRUST RECEIPT (FATR) If customer desires to retire the documents through Trust Receipt facility, a request letter to this effect is obtained from him. In this case, bank releases documents of the goods to importer so that he may clear the goods from custom authorities. Payment is settled by the ban k and reimbursement is made to foreign bank.The bank has lien on receivables in this case and importer repays the bank finance after sale of the goods. Trust Receipt should not be allowed against Usance L/C unless specific approval from the authority is held. Following documents are obtained before releasing the documents on Finance Against Trust Receipt: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Bill of Exchange duly accepted by the party ? Demand Promissory Note ? Trust Receipt ? Collateral (if any) as per limit approval ? Invoice ? Agreement of Mark-up The Trust Receipt facility can only be extended upto 45/60 days or as per terms of sanction. . FINANCE AGAINST IMPORTED MERCHANDISE (FIM) This is a sale transaction at a price mutually agreed upon between the bank and the importer. The sale price consists of value of goods or documents of title to goods and margin of profit. The sale price is payable by the buyer on deferred payment basis either in part or in lump sum. Thi s facility is granted for a period of 60 days or as per sanction advice. Following documents are obtained from the party: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Demand Promissory Note ? Letter of Indemnity for clearance of consignment ?Letter of Pledge ? Agreement of Mark-up This type of facility is against pledge of imported stocks and its process / transaction flow is similar to that of Self-Liquidating Inventory Finance. TRANSACTION FLOW: Goods imported through L/C, when reach the port in importer’s country, there is a process of releasing the goods from custom authorities. For this purpose Clearing Agents on the panel of bank. The clearing agent after clearing the goods, transports the same via Goods Transport Companies to the destination of the importer. At importer’s business premises / factory, etc.Bank Muccadam is available to take over the custody of the goods as soon as these are received at the site. These goods are kept under pledge arrangement and bank takes effective control & possession of the imported goods. B. NON-FUND BASED FACILITIES 3. USANCE LETTER OF CREDIT This type of letter of credit is issued with a condition that payment will be made after some specified period of time i-e. 180 days, 365 days, etc. The bank undertakes to pay the exporter for the value of goods at some later date in order to facilitate the importer to arrange funds for settlement of the transaction.Usance letter of credit is very useful facility in which importer not only avails the opportunity of time available to pay his liabilities but also he saves borrowing costs due to difference of LIBOR and KIBOR. At present KIBOR is upto 10% whereas LIBOR is ranging from 0. 5% to 1% for the last two to three years. In case of Usance L/C, the importer will have to pay the value of goods alongwith some additional profit/surcharge levied by the exporter (which is included in the Invoice Value) for allowing repayment period to importer.Exporter will calc ulate this additional profit on transaction on the basis of LIBOR (0. 70%) instead of KIBOR (10%). In case importer avails the credit lines to settle the import bill from his local bank, he will bear the borrowing/financing cost on the basis of KIBOR which is far above than LIBOR. 4. SHIPPING GUARANTEE The shipping guarantee is issued in favor of the local shipping agents for obtaining delivery order to clear goods from port / customer authorities in the absence of original shipping documents of L/Cs. This guarantee is issued on prescribed from provided by the shipping company.This guarantee is signed by the importer and counter-signed by the bank. Following documents are required from the customer at the time of issuance of shipping guarantee: ? Letter of Request from the customer / importer ? Copy of Invoice ? Copy of Bill of Lading / transport document ? Format of the shipping guarantee to be issued ? Counter guarantee in favor of the bank duly signed by the customer ? Letter of undertaking regarding exchange rate fluctuation ? Undertaking to accept the draft in case of usance L/C ? Undertaking to accept all discrepancies in the documentsLiability under the shipping guarantee shall be reversed only after the surrender of the original bill of lading against which guarantee has been issued and the receipt of original guarantee from the shipping company. On receipt of original bill of lading, this is forwarded to the shipping company alongwith request to return the original guarantee. This facility is very short term nature normally 30 days. B. EXPORT FINANCE In order to strengthen its position in the international markets, Pakistan has to strive for improving its balance of trade by increasing its exports.As such exports have been the top priority of the government’s agenda to improve the position of foreign exchange earning of the country. Banks have a very important role to play in trade activities of the country. Banks act as agents for both the imp orters and exporters and play important role in the development of country’s trade. While handling export transactions, Credit Manager and/or Export staff of the bank must always keep into consideration the following: ? Export Policy Order of the government for the financial year ?Guidelines/instructions of Export Promotion Bureau ? State Bank of Pakistan Foreign Exchange Circulars ? Bank’s Foreign Exchange Regulations and FEX circulars ADVISING OF EXPORT LETTERS OF CREDIT Letters of credit received from foreign banks are advised to the beneficiaries in Pakistan through L/Cs advising departments of the bank. All L/Cs received are carefully scrutinized for their authenticity adhering to the terms & conditions and complying with our Foreign Exchange Regulations and International laws & publications (UCP 500). FORM â€Å"E†No person can export any goods from Pakistan unless he is duly registered as an exporter with Export Promotion Bureau under the registration â⠂¬Å"Importer & Exporter Order 1952†. Blank â€Å"E† Forms are issued to exporters, against written request, free of any charges. In order to export, the exporter will provide details on â€Å"E† form in respect of goods, quantity, invoice value of goods, terms of sale, destination and name & address of the importer. This â€Å"E† form is the main document to calculate value of goods exported and is used to control the export of any item from Pakistan.CASE STUDY: During October 2012, Government of Pakistan allowed export of 200,000 tons of sugar from Pakistan with a condition that one sugar mill can export maximum upto 10,000 tons of sugar. This maximum quantity of sugar (10,000 tons) exported by any single sugar mill to be controlled by the â€Å"E† Form submitted by the exporting sugar mill. In case of any effort of sugar mill to exceed export from 10,000 tons, SBP can very easily trace this from the record of â€Å"E† form available in its record. In the following paragraphs, we will discuss the types of financing available to exporter. . FOREIGN DOCUMENTARY BILLS PURCHASED AGAINST L/Cs This type of financing is referred to as Foreign Bills Purchased (FBP). Only those documents are purchased which are negotiable and which conform to the terms of letters of credit. The documents are forwarded to the L/C opening bank and payment is received through bank’s foreign correspondents maintaining NOSTRO account in various currencies. Following documents are submitted by the exporter for negotiation: ? Original Letter of Credit (L/C) ? Documents of title to goods (Bill of lading, Airway bill, etc. ? Bill of Exchange (B/E) ? Commercial Invoice ? Certificate of Origin ? Packing List ? Insurance Policy ? Any other document as per terms of L/C FBP is practical example of â€Å"Factoring† in which bank purchases the receivable of the client/exporter after making payment and takes the responsibility of collection of the receivable at its own end. The exporter transfers all rights of ownership of the documents to the bank and authorization to claim reimbursement from the L/C opening bank. This transaction is to be handled with extreme care, vigilance and diligence.All the financial and commercial documents are scrutinized as per terms & conditions of L/C. Documents after careful scrutiny are forwarded to the L/C opening bank and claim of reimbursement is made as well. On realization of the bill, FBP is settled /adjusted. 2. FOREIGN DOCUMENTARY BILLS FOR COLLECTION Financing against foreign bills is made on export bills which are drawn under Letter of credit and are sent for payment under documentary collection. This is a sale transaction at a price mutually agreed upon between the buyer (bank) and seller (exporter).The documents are sold to the bank and sale proceeds will be credited in the account of seller (exporter). This type of export finance is termed as â€Å"Finance against Foreign Billsâ €  (FAFB). All other procedures of FAFB are similar to FBP except that under FAFB in the event of non-payment of the bill by L/C opening bank or importer, the exporter undertakes to repurchase the same documents at bank’s marked up price. FAFB is the practical example of â€Å"Lien on Receivables†. 3. FINANCE AGAINST PACKING CREDIT (FAPC)Packing Credit is a sort of pre-shipment or pre-export finance, extended to prime & valued customers (exporters) against valid letter of credit / firm contract order. The finance is provided to the exporter for the following: ? Purchase of goods ? Freight charges ? Clearing forwarding charges ? Export duty, etc. ? Packing requirements Finance against packing credit is granted for 180 days or upto the period the shipment of goods is affected whichever is earlier. Lien is marked on the Letter of Credit / Firm Contract in order to prevent negotiation of documents.

Pros of Electronic Communication

Electronic communication was discovered in 1998. Electronic communication is used for the transfer of data, images, signals, signs, etc. through wire, electromagnetic, radio, photoelectronic or photo-optical system. With its growing popularity people have started communicating via email. Electronic communication is not only a new tool but also a new way of communication. This has led to a change in the culture. Below mentioned are advantages and disadvantages of electronic communication. Pros of Electronic Communication The benefits of electronic communication is that people across the world can share televised pictures, conversations, graphics, circuits and interactive softwares. The interaction between people residing in different geographical locations have increased and have become promiscuous. The conversations are more visual and textual. This is helpful mainly for hearing impaired people. With electronic communication, the recipient receives the message within a few seconds of the sender sending it. The recipient can read the message anytime, anywhere according to his convenience. The speed of conversation has increased and this has resulted in faster processing of important matters related to business, finance, trade, etc. For example, you can instantly access the information present in your computer. As there are no restrictions about time and place, people can sit at home and do their office work if the required resources are available. This work arrangement is termed as telecommuting. The communicated messages can be stored permanently or temporarily on disks or tapes for years or can even be printed and stored in files. The process of learning has become simple and efficient as the information can be archived and retrieved according to the requirement. Since the communication does not take place via hard copies, money spent for paper, printing and postal deliveries is saved. After the mail is delivered to the receiver, it is placed safely in the hard disk of the receiver's computer. After the receiver retrieves the mail, it is his responsibility to keep it safely. Cons of Electronic Communication The main issue with electronic communication is security. Your computer can be hacked and affected with computer virus. This can have an adverse effect on the computer system and the network. The volume of transmitted data is large and the transmission is fast. Hence, it becomes difficult for employers and managers to absorb, process and understand it and provide proper feedbacks to their employees. The speed with which the messages are transmitted often changes the structure of the messages, which at times can be misinterpreted. Electronic data can be duplicated identically without any proof of duplication. These messages can also be modified. At times, people can intentionally send malicious programs like viruses, worms and Trojans through emails, which is difficult to detect. Another disadvantage of electronic communication is email privacy issues. An email is sent in the form of data packets via computer network. These data packets have to pass through a number of routers (a computer device used for forwarding packets in the computer network) and computers before it reaches its destination. So, there are chances of an individual tampering the emails before it reaches its recipient. While the data packets are transferred from one computer system to another, they can be lost when one router transfers it to another. If the router is bombarded with more number of data packets than its carrying capacity, the receiver can experience a delay in receiving it. The ‘from message header' of a message can be modified, which hampers the authenticity. Almost all technologies in this world have their pros and cons. Similarly, there exist advantages and disadvantages of electronic communication as well. In-spite of its disadvantages, most of us depend on electronic communication for our everyday work as it has become an integral part of our lives.

Salve Regina Admissions and Acceptance Rate

Salve Regina Admissions and Acceptance Rate With an acceptance rate of 68  percent, admissions at Salve Regina University are fairly open. Students with good grades and test scores are likely to get in. Those interested in applying to the school will need to submit an application (which can be filled out and submitted online), official transcripts of high school work, two letters of recommendation, and a personal essay. For more information about these requirements, be sure to visit the schools admission web pages. Also, if you have any additional questions, feel free to contact the admissions office at the school. You can calculate your chances of getting in with this free tool from Cappex. Admissions Data (2016) Salve Regina University Acceptance Rate: 68  percentTest Scores: Salve Regina is now test-optional)SAT score comparison for Rhode IslandACT score comparison for Rhode Island Salve Regina University Description Founded in 1947 by the Sisters of Mercy, Salve Regina University is a Catholic university with an attractive 80-acre waterfront campus in the Ochre Point-Cliffs National Historic District of Newport, Rhode Island. Students come from 35 states and 16 countries with about 15 percent coming from  Rhode Island. Undergraduates can choose from 46 majors among which professional fields such as nursing, business, and criminal justice are quite popular. Academics are supported by a 14 to 1  student/faculty ratio. In athletics, the Salve Regina Seahawks compete in the NCAA Division II Commonwealth Coast Conference for most sports. Football competes in the New England Football Conference. The university fields 19 intercollegiate varsity sports. Enrollment (2016) Total Enrollment: 2,746  (2,124  undergraduates)Gender Breakdown: 30  percent male / 70 percent female93  percent full-time Costs (2016-17) Tuition and Fees: $37,820Books: $1400 (why so much?)Room and Board: $13,650Other Expenses: $2,300Total Cost: $55,170 Salve Regina University Financial Aid (2015 -16) Percentage of New Students Receiving Aid: 99  percentPercentage of New Students Receiving Types of AidGrants: 99 percentLoans: 75 percentAverage Amount of AidGrants: $21,548Loans: $10,313 Academic Programs Most Popular Majors:  Accounting, Biology, Business Administration, Criminal Justice, English Communications, Marketing, Nursing, Psychology, Special Education What major is right for you?  Sign up to take the free My Careers and Majors Quiz at Cappex. Graduation and Retention Rates First Year Student Retention (full-time students): 82  percent4-Year Graduation Rate: 64  percent6-Year Graduation Rate: 68  percent Intercollegiate Athletic Programs Mens Sports:  Football, Ice Hockey, Soccer, Basketball, Tennis, Baseball, Cross CountryWomens Sports:  Volleyball, Track and Field, Basketball, Field Hockey, Cross Country, Lacrosse If You Like Salve Regina University, You May Also Like These Schools University of Rhode Island: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBrown University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphUniversity of New Haven: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphAlbertus Magnus College: Profile  Quinnipiac University: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphLasell College: Profile  Endicott College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphBoston College: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphSaint Anselm College: Profile  University of New Hampshire: Profile | GPA-SAT-ACT GraphCurry College: Profile   Data Source: National Center for Educational Statistics

International Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Marketing Strategy - Essay Example The materials utilised for this purpose quickly gained acceptance as being top quality and therefore gave the business a unique position in the European marketplace. Both brothers being environmentally conscious, they quickly learned to procure industrial tarps known as tarpaulins and then transform these colourful and unique water-resistant covers into stylish, contemporary and trendy bags of many different varieties. Over time, the Freitag brothers realized that not only would their products perform well in this market, but were able to gain consumer demand in coverings for electronics, totes and purses, and other multi-purpose bag needs. Consumers were quickly attracted to the stylish and innovative designs crafted by transforming tarpaulins into useable and socially-relevant products, thus establishing a well-known brand name with an emphasis on quality as a primary marketing concept (Schwartz 2007, p.28). Freitag has just recently developed an internationalization strategy, prov iding products to Japan and England, which have both been eager and profitable markets. The main rationale for adopting an internationalization strategy: the products were being compared, by consumers, to very upscale brands such as Dolce & Gabbana and even Gucci due to their colours and variety. Thus, in the Swiss market where Freitag is headquartered, profit potential was the key driver for opening new international market opportunities. The long-term benefits of choosing England and Japan are currently unknown, since both of these export markets have not been functional long enough to establish a trend or statistical report on profitability and consumer interest; as well as evolutionary branding strategy. Much to the advantage of Freitag, there is a new market opportunity for these durable and fashionable products based on demographics and lifestyle of the Brazilian consumer. This market report describes the benefits of establishing a new operational strategy in Brazil as well as justification for why this represents an incredible market opportunity. 2. Situational Analysis This section describes the justification for establishing a new market presence in the emerging market of Brazil, including the PESTEL model and the Five Forces model as well as discussion of the cultural characteristics in Brazil that will benefit Freitag for new market entry. The political environment in Brazil does not currently maintain any known barriers to market entry, with the government supporting a free commerce system and without considerable restrictions to international trade and supply (Kelley 2009, p.6). Many large international companies, such as Wal-Mart, have found success in their internationalization strategies with cooperative government policies and limited tariffs or other trade restrictions. The Brazilian government currently desires more international trade relationships and provides incentives to businesses looking to expand their products to serve the Brazilian consumer market (Branson 2008, p.109). The economic environment is a considerable strength to justify new market entry in Brazil for Freitag. The Brazil consumer economy experienced a 7.5 percent growth rate in 2010 (much higher than international per country averages) and is considered the eighth largest national economy in the world (Mazza and Stul 2012, p.2). It is estimated that three million consumers in Brazil can actually afford luxury-priced goods and

The Medieval Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Medieval Era - Essay Example The Medieval Era or the Middle Ages was characterized feudal system that mostly exalted Knights, Nobles, and Kings. The era mostly lasted between the 5th and the 15th century and was eventually replaced by the Renaissance or the Age of Discovery. During this period, there existed a division amongst Knights including a code of chivalry as noted in Charny’s book A Knight’s Own Book of Chivalry. It means chivalry was a moral, religious, and social code in the Middle Ages in defining a knightly conduct. Additionally, knights of that time had sore lives that depended on charity, justice and faith. Therefore, maintenance of high level of morality was a defining point of morals. However, from 1437 to 1449, Early Modern Period of the Medieval Era experienced certain fundamental changes that later shaped Europe extensively. For instance, the invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg heralds a new era of publishing both news and literature in societal domain. The development equally expanded accessibility throughout Europe hence widening readership amongst the citizens. In 1442, the eruption of the Battle of Szeben results to the third victory orchestrated by Hungarian forces under the leadership of Janos Hunyadi. The war is against the Ottoman forces. Also known as the Battle of Sibiu or the Battle of Hermannstadt, the war claimed about 15-20, 000 Ottoman soldiers whiles the Hungarian side lost approximately 3-4,000 men. Unfortunately, the victory could not be translated in the Battle of the Iron that was fought close to the Danube (Newman 145). Another interesting development entails the Battle of Varna that resulted to victory for the Ottomans. Notably, it was a determining battle to reclaim the Crusade of Varna that resulted to the massive defeat of Hungarian-Polish forces and the ultimate death of their leader, Wladyslaw III. On that note, the timeline between 1300 and 1600